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এই পরীক্ষায় এই টপিক থেকে ৬টি প্রশ্ন এসেছে — সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ টপিক। ক্লজ-চিহ্নিতকরণ, শব্দশ্রেণি, লিঙ্গ, সমাপিকা/অসমাপিকা সবই এসেছে।
Options: (ক) relative clause ✓ • (খ) noun clause • (গ) adverbial clause • (ঘ) independent clause
'That she recommended' noun 'book'-কে modify করছে → relative/adjective clause।
| Clause | কাজ | চিহ্নিত করার উপায় |
|---|---|---|
| Relative (Adjective) | Noun-কে modify করে | 'who/which/that/whose' শুরু; কোন noun-কে describe করছে |
| Noun | Subject/Object/Complement হিসেবে কাজ | 'that/what/whether/how' শুরু; বাক্যে একটা noun-এর জায়গায় বসে |
| Adverbial | Verb/Adjective/Adverb-কে modify করে | 'when/where/because/although/if' শুরু; কারণ/সময়/শর্ত বোঝায় |
| Independent | একা একটা সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য | কোনো subordinator নেই |
| উদাহরণ | Clause | কেন? |
|---|---|---|
| The book that she recommended is helpful | Relative | 'book' (noun) modify করছে |
| What he said is true | Noun | Subject হিসেবে কাজ করছে |
| I stayed home because it rained | Adverbial | কারণ বোঝায় (verb 'stayed' modify) |
| I have a book and you have one too | Independent | পূর্ণ বাক্য, coordinator দিয়ে যুক্ত |
Options: (ক) conjunction • (খ) gerund • (গ) participle • (ঘ) preposition ✓
'Including' এখানে 'such as' অর্থে — modern grammar-এ noun phrase-এর আগে এলে preposition।
| ভূমিকা | চিহ্ন | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund (verbal noun) | Subject/Object হিসেবে noun-এর কাজ | Swimming is fun |
| Present Participle | Adjective হিসেবে noun modify | The swimming boy is happy |
| Continuous Verb | Auxiliary + -ing | He is swimming |
| Preposition (including/excluding/regarding/concerning) | Noun phrase-এর আগে, 'such as' অর্থে | I bought items, including books |
including • excluding • regarding • concerning • considering • barring • notwithstanding • pending • during • following
Options: (ক) He turned the volume up • (খ) Business confidence is on the up ✓ • (গ) We live just up the road • (ঘ) Our system should be up by afternoon
Article 'the' + up → up is a noun ('on the up' = an upward trend)।
| Sentence | 'up'-এর ভূমিকা | কেন? |
|---|---|---|
| He turned the volume up | Adverb | 'turned' verb modify করছে |
| Business is on the up | Noun | 'the' article-এর পরে |
| We live just up the road | Preposition | 'the road'-এর সাথে relation |
| The system is up | Adjective | 'be' verb-এর complement |
| He upped the price | Verb | কর্ম সম্পাদন |
Options: (ক) since • (খ) lest • (গ) as • (ঘ) so ✓
For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So — ৭টি coordinating conjunction।
| Type | উদাহরণ | কাজ |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinating (FANBOYS) | for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so | দুটো স্বাধীন clause যুক্ত করে |
| Subordinating | because, since, as, although, if, when, while, unless, until, lest | একটা dependent clause-কে main clause-এ যুক্ত করে |
| Correlative | both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also | জোড়ায় ব্যবহৃত |
| Word | Type | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|
| since | Subordinating (time/reason) | I have lived here since 2010 |
| lest | Subordinating (negative purpose) | Walk fast lest you should miss the train |
| as | Subordinating (time/reason/comparison) | As he was tired, he slept |
| so | Coordinating (result) | It rained, so we stayed in |
Options: (ক) masculine • (খ) feminine • (গ) neuter • (ঘ) common ✓
'Monarch' — পুরুষ বা নারী যেকেউ হতে পারে → common gender।
| Gender | কাকে বোঝায়? | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | পুরুষ | king, prince, hero, lion, gentleman |
| Feminine | নারী | queen, princess, heroine, lioness, lady |
| Common | পুরুষ বা নারী যেকেউ | monarch, parent, child, friend, teacher, student, doctor, baby, cousin |
| Neuter | জড় বস্তু/অপ্রাণী | book, table, tree, computer |
monarch, parent, child, friend, teacher, student, doctor, baby, cousin, neighbor, person, leader, citizen, manager, engineer, scientist, artist
Options: (ক) sleep • (খ) arrive • (গ) break ✓ • (ঘ) die
'Break' = ambitransitive/ergative verb — object সহ বা ছাড়া ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
| Type | উদাহরণ | Object লাগে? |
|---|---|---|
| Transitive | She wrote a letter | হ্যাঁ |
| Intransitive | He slept | না |
| Ambitransitive | She broke the cup / The cup broke | দুটোই |
break, open, close, change, melt, boil, freeze, burn, dry, sink, fly, grow, increase, move, start, stop, turn, drop, roll
| Verb | Type |
|---|---|
| sleep | Intransitive (no object — except 'sleep a deep sleep' = সমধাতুজ কর্ম) |
| arrive | Intransitive (arrive AT a place — 'at' preposition লাগে) |
| break | Ambitransitive ✓ |
| die | Intransitive (die OF disease — 'of' preposition লাগে) |
Parts of Speech — মূল লেকচার শিট — ৮টি parts of speech-এর পূর্ণাঙ্গ আলোচনা (Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection), প্রতিটির প্রকারভেদ, collective nouns (BCS-favorite — pride of lions, fleet of ships), pronoun-traps, adjective order (Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Color-Origin-Material-Purpose), causative verbs, ও gender-এর সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা।