Loading...
Loading...
এই পরীক্ষায় এই টপিক থেকে ১টি প্রশ্ন।
Options: (ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her • (খ) Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her ✓ • (গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken... • (ঘ) Helena told that she had taken the laptop taken home...
Reporting verb past + direct simple past → indirect past perfect (took → had taken)। Pronoun: 'I' → 'she'; 'me' → 'her'।
| Direct | Indirect (when reporting verb is PAST) |
|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| shall | should |
| must | had to |
| Direct | Indirect (subject = Helena, female) |
|---|---|
| I / me / my | she / her / her |
| we / us / our | they / them / their |
| you (you = listener) | I/me/my OR he/she (depends on listener) |
| he / she / they | unchanged |
এই বাক্যে — Helena (speaker) → 'I' = Helena = she; 'me' = Helena = her
Direct: Helena said, 'I took the laptop home with me.'
| ধাপ | পরিবর্তন | ফলাফল |
|---|---|---|
| ১. Reporting verb past 'said' | কোনো object নেই → 'said that' | Helena said that... |
| ২. Subject 'I' (= Helena) | I → she | Helena said that she... |
| ৩. Verb 'took' (simple past) | → had taken (past perfect) | ...had taken the laptop... |
| ৪. 'me' (= Helena) | → her | ...home with her |
Indirect: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.
| Option | কেন ভুল? |
|---|---|
| (ক) ...she took... | Tense change হয়নি (took → had taken হওয়া উচিত) |
| (গ) Helena confirmed... has taken | 'confirmed' ভুল reporting verb; 'has taken' present perfect — past রিপোর্টিং-এ Past Perfect হওয়া উচিত |
| (ঘ) Helena told that... laptop taken... | 'told' এর পর সরাসরি 'that' হয় না (told someone that); 'laptop taken' double past participle — broken grammar |
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, '...' | He said that... (no object) |
| He said to me, '...' | He told me that... ('to me' → 'me' as direct object of 'told') |
| She said to her friend, '...' | She told her friend that... |
তাই 'told that' (without object) সাধারণত ভুল।
Not all reported statements change tense:
| Situation | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|
| Universal truth | He said that the earth moves around the sun (not moved) |
| Habitual fact | He said that he drinks tea every morning |
| Historical fact | The teacher said that India became independent in 1947 |
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| this → | that |
| these → | those |
| here → | there |
| now → | then |
| today → | that day |
| tomorrow → | the next day |
| yesterday → | the previous day |
| ago → | before |
| last night → | the previous night |
Narration — মূল লেকচার শিট — সব tense-এর backshift rules, pronoun changes (1st/2nd/3rd person), word changes (this/here/now/today/tomorrow/ago), question-to-indirect (wh-questions ও yes/no questions), imperative-to-indirect (order/request/forbid + to V1), exclamatory-to-indirect (wished/exclaimed with joy/sorrow), এবং complex narration mixing statement+question+command।