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এই পরীক্ষায় এই টপিক থেকে ২টি প্রশ্ন — compound sentence চেনা ও paragraph element।
Options: (ক) Either you do it or you will be fined • (খ) Unless you do it, you will be fined • (গ) Do it or I shall fine you ✓ • (ঘ) You have to do it, otherwise I will fine you
Compound sentence = দুটি স্বাধীন (independent) clause coordinator (FANBOYS) দিয়ে যুক্ত।
| Type | চিহ্ন | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | একটিই independent clause | I love coffee. |
| Compound | দুটো independent clause + coordinator (FANBOYS) | I love coffee, and I love tea. |
| Complex | একটি independent + এক বা একাধিক dependent clause | Although it rained, I went out. |
| Compound-Complex | একাধিক independent + dependent | Although it rained, I went out and I bought groceries. |
| Option | Type | কেন? |
|---|---|---|
| (ক) Either you do it or you will be fined | Compound (Correlative) | 'Either...or' correlative — কিছু grammarian এটিকে compound বলে |
| (খ) Unless you do it, you will be fined | Complex | 'Unless' = subordinating conjunction → dependent clause |
| (গ) Do it or I shall fine you ✓ | Compound | দুটো independent clause + coordinator 'or' |
| (ঘ) You have to do it, otherwise I will fine you | Compound (with 'otherwise' as conjunctive adverb) | বিতর্কিত — কিছু grammarian এটাকে দুটো simple sentence বলে; কিছু compound |
গ-নং সবচেয়ে স্পষ্ট compound কারণ:
For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So
এই ৭টি conjunction দুটি স্বাধীন clause-কে compound sentence গঠন করতে পারে।
Options: (ক) transition sentence ✓ • (খ) topic sentence • (গ) supporting sentence • (ঘ) concluding sentence
Transition sentence = ভাব/idea-এর মসৃণ প্রবাহ ('smooth flow') তৈরি করে; paragraph বা ideas-এর মধ্যে সেতু।
| Element | কাজ | উদাহরণ |
|---|---|---|
| Topic Sentence | মূল ভাব ঘোষণা | 'Climate change threatens biodiversity.' |
| Supporting Sentences | মূল ভাব develop করা — উদাহরণ, তথ্য, প্রমাণ | 'In the past 50 years, 40% of species have declined...' |
| Transition Sentence/Phrases | এক ভাব থেকে আরেক ভাব-এ মসৃণ যাত্রা | 'However, despite these threats, recovery efforts are underway.' |
| Concluding Sentence | summarize / wrap up | 'Thus, urgent action is essential.' |
| Function | Examples |
|---|---|
| Addition | moreover, furthermore, in addition, also, besides |
| Contrast | however, on the other hand, nevertheless, conversely |
| Cause/Effect | therefore, consequently, thus, hence, as a result |
| Example | for example, for instance, such as, namely |
| Sequence | first, second, then, next, finally, subsequently |
| Conclusion | in conclusion, to sum up, in summary, overall |
Sentence Correction & Transformation — মূল লেকচার শিট — common errors (comparison, redundancy, subject-verb agreement, pronoun, misplaced modifiers), sentence transformation (Affirmative ↔ Negative, Simple ↔ Complex ↔ Compound, Exclamatory ↔ Assertive, Degree Change — Positive/Comparative/Superlative), paragraph composition (topic/supporting/transition/concluding sentences) ও essay writing-এর basics।