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এই পরীক্ষায় এই টপিক থেকে ৪টি প্রশ্ন — Coleridge, Brontë, Romantic characteristics, এবং Matthew Arnold।
Options: (ক) a trigger-happy Mariner • (খ) the essential irrationality of man ✓ • (গ) a superstitious Mariner • (ঘ) the Mariner as a skillful fowler
Mariner কোনো কারণ ছাড়াই বন্ধু-পাখি albatross-কে হত্যা করে — মানুষের অহেতুক/অযৌক্তিক হিংস্রতার প্রতীক।
| তথ্য | বিবরণ |
|---|---|
| লেখক | Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) |
| প্রকাশকাল | 1798 (Lyrical Ballads-এ) |
| Form | Ballad — 7 parts, ~625 lines |
| Style | Archaic spelling, supernatural elements |
| Theme | Sin, suffering, redemption, respect for nature |
'Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink.'
'He prayeth best, who loveth best / All things both great and small.'
'Instead of the cross, the albatross / About my neck was hung.'
এই শেষ পংক্তি থেকেই বিখ্যাত English idiom — 'an albatross around one's neck' (= a heavy burden of guilt)।
Options: (ক) Jane Eyre • (খ) Emma • (গ) Wuthering Heights ✓ • (ঘ) Persuasion
Wuthering Heights (Emily Brontë, 1847) — Heathcliff ও Catherine-এর destructive passion; দুই প্রজন্ম ধরে চলে obsession ও প্রতিশোধ।
| Novel | Author | Period | বিষয় |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wuthering Heights | Emily Brontë | 1847 (Victorian) | Destructive love, Yorkshire moors |
| Jane Eyre | Charlotte Brontë | 1847 (Victorian) | Governess + Gothic + romance |
| Emma | Jane Austen | 1815 (Regency) | Social comedy, matchmaking |
| Persuasion | Jane Austen | 1817 | Lost love rekindled |
| বোন | উপন্যাস | বছর | ছদ্মনাম |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charlotte | Jane Eyre, Shirley, Villette | 1847 | Currer Bell |
| Emily | Wuthering Heights | 1847 | Ellis Bell |
| Anne | Agnes Grey, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall | 1847 | Acton Bell |
Options: (ক) Ordinary life • (খ) Everyday language • (গ) Expression of feelings rather than action or plot • (ঘ) Inane and gaudy phraseology ✓
Wordsworth-এর 1800 Preface to Lyrical Ballads explicitly 'gaudy and inane phraseology' প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছিল — এটি Romantic-এর বিপরীত (Neoclassical-এর কৃত্রিম ভাষা)।
| Feature | বিবরণ |
|---|---|
| Emotion over reason | spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings |
| Nature worship | Wordsworth's Lake District, Shelley's West Wind |
| Imagination | Coleridge-এর Kubla Khan, Keats-এর Negative Capability |
| Ordinary life & common people | farmers, beggars, peasants |
| Everyday language | reject artificial diction of 18th-c. |
| Individual / subjectivity | first-person, personal experience |
| Supernatural & mystery | Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan |
| Medievalism & exoticism | La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Eve of St. Agnes |
| Poet | Key Works | পরিচয় |
|---|---|---|
| William Blake | Songs of Innocence/Experience | Pre-Romantic, mystical |
| William Wordsworth | Daffodils, Tintern Abbey, Prelude | Poet of Nature, Lake Poet |
| S.T. Coleridge | Rime of Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan | Supernatural |
| Lord Byron | Don Juan, Childe Harold | Byronic Hero, died in Greek war |
| P.B. Shelley | Ode to West Wind, Prometheus Unbound | 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' |
| John Keats | Ode to Nightingale, Grecian Urn | 'A thing of beauty is a joy forever' |
Options: (ক) Scholar Gipsy • (খ) Dover Beach ✓ • (গ) Rugby Chapel • (ঘ) Immortality
Dover Beach (1867) — Arnold-এর Victorian-doubt poem; 'darkling plain... ignorant armies clash by night'।
'The Sea of Faith / Was once, too, at the full... / But now I only hear / Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar...'
'And we are here as on a darkling plain / Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, / Where ignorant armies clash by night.'
| তথ্য | বিবরণ |
|---|---|
| জন্ম–মৃত্যু | 1822–1888 |
| পরিচিতি | Victorian poet, critic, essayist; 'sage writer' |
| পিতা | Thomas Arnold (Rugby School headmaster) |
| বিখ্যাত কবিতা | Dover Beach, Scholar Gipsy, Thyrsis, Sohrab and Rustum, Rugby Chapel |
| বিখ্যাত প্রবন্ধ | Culture and Anarchy, Essays in Criticism |
| Concept | 'Touchstone method' of criticism; 'Sweetness and light' |
| কবিতা | বিষয় |
|---|---|
| Dover Beach | Loss of faith, Victorian doubt |
| Scholar Gipsy | Nostalgia for medieval scholar-vagabond |
| Rugby Chapel | Elegy for father Thomas Arnold |
| Thyrsis | Elegy for friend A.H. Clough |
| Sohrab and Rustum | Epic narrative (Persian myth) |
| The Forsaken Merman | Lyric ballad |
| Author | Genre | Key Works |
|---|---|---|
| Alfred Lord Tennyson | Poetry (Poet Laureate) | In Memoriam, Ulysses, Charge of the Light Brigade |
| Robert Browning | Dramatic Monologue | My Last Duchess, Pied Piper |
| Matthew Arnold | Poetry + Criticism | Dover Beach, Culture and Anarchy |
| Charles Dickens | Novels | Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities |
| Thomas Hardy | Novels + Poetry | Tess, Mayor of Casterbridge, Far from Madding Crowd |
| Charlotte Brontë | Novel | Jane Eyre |
| Emily Brontë | Novel | Wuthering Heights |
| George Eliot | Novel | Middlemarch, Silas Marner |
| Aspect | Romantic (1798–1832) | Victorian (1832–1901) |
|---|---|---|
| Tone | Optimistic, nature-loving | Pessimistic, doubting |
| Form | Lyric poetry | Novel + dramatic monologue |
| Subject | Imagination, individual, nature | Society, industrialization, religion |
| Key event | Lyrical Ballads (1798) | Industrial Revolution, Darwin's Origin (1859) |
Romantic & Victorian Poetry — মূল লেকচার শিট — Romantic Period (1798–1832)-এর Big Six (Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats) ও তাদের key works, Lyrical Ballads-এর গুরুত্ব, Victorian poets (Tennyson, Browning, Arnold), Victorian novelists (Dickens, Hardy, Brontës, Eliot), Pre-Raphaelite movement, ও Victorian doubt/agnosticism-এর সাহিত্যিক প্রকাশ।