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এই পরীক্ষায় এই টপিক থেকে ২টি প্রশ্ন — Active→Passive (perception verb) ও Passive→Active (with modal).
বিকল্প: (ক) He is known by me. • (খ) He was known to me. • (গ) He has been known by me. • (ঘ) He is known to me. ✓
Perception/feeling verbs (know, like, love, hate)-এর passive-এ 'by' নয়, 'to' বসে। Tense অপরিবর্তিত: simple present → is known।
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | I write a letter. | A letter is written by me. |
| Present continuous | I am writing a letter. | A letter is being written by me. |
| Present perfect | I have written a letter. | A letter has been written by me. |
| Past simple | I wrote a letter. | A letter was written by me. |
| Future simple | I will write a letter. | A letter will be written by me. |
| Verb / Construction | Preposition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| know | to | He is known to me. |
| love | with | She is loved by all (regular 'by'). She is enamoured with him. |
| trouble / vex | with | I am vexed with the boy. |
| satisfied / pleased / annoyed | with | She is pleased with the gift. |
| filled | with | The bottle is filled with water. |
| amazed / surprised | at | He is surprised at the news. |
| interested | in | She is interested in music. |
| addicted | to | He is addicted to drugs. |
| tired | of | I am tired of waiting. |
বিকল্প: (ক) A little mouse may even help a lion. • (খ) Even a little mouse may help a lion. ✓ • (গ) A little mouse can even help a lion. • (ঘ) Even a little mouse ought to help a lion.
By-এর পরের agent (a little mouse) → subject; modal 'may' অপরিবর্তিত। 'Even' modifier 'a little mouse'-এর আগে। তাই Even a little mouse may help a lion।
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| He may help me. | I may be helped by him. |
| He must do it. | It must be done by him. |
| He can speak. | It can be spoken by him. |
| He should read. | It should be read by him. |
Rule: Modal + be + V3 (past participle)। Active-এ Passive-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় modal পাল্টানো যাবে না।
'Even' = এমনকি — যাকে highlight করে তার ঠিক আগে বসে।
বাংলায় passive-এর agent-এর উপর জোর ছিল ('by a little mouse') — তাই active-এ subject-এর উপর জোর বজায় রাখতে 'Even a little mouse' আগে।
Voice Change — মূল লেকচার শিট — ১২ tense-এ active↔passive পূর্ণ ছক, modal verbs/imperative/interrogative/infinitive/gerund-এর voice change, 'by' ছাড়া অন্য preposition নেওয়া ৩০+ verbs, ও complex sentence-এর voice change।