8 Parts of Speech:
1. Noun — Name of a person, place, thing, or idea
- Types: Proper (Dhaka), Common (city), Collective (team), Abstract (honesty), Material (gold)
- পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসে: Collective nouns — a herd of cattle, a flock of birds, a fleet of ships, a bunch of keys, a bouquet of flowers
2. Pronoun — Replaces a noun
- Types: Personal (I, you, he), Possessive (mine, yours), Reflexive (myself), Relative (who, which, that), Demonstrative (this, that)
- Exam Trap: "Each of the boys has done his work" (not "their")
- "Neither of them was present" (singular verb)
3. Adjective — Describes a noun
- Degrees: Positive → Comparative (-er/more) → Superlative (-est/most)
- Key Rules: "He is senior to me" (not "senior than"); "He is the tallest boy" (superlative with 'the')
- Special: elder/older — "My elder brother" (within family), "He is older than me"
4. Verb — Shows action or state
- Types: Transitive (needs object), Intransitive (no object), Linking (am/is/are)
- Causative: "The teacher made the students read" (make + object + base form)
5. Adverb — Modifies verb, adjective, or another adverb
- Types: Time (now), Place (here), Manner (quickly), Degree (very), Frequency (always)
- Position Trap: "He hardly works" (almost doesn't work) vs. "He works hard" (works a lot)
6. Preposition — Shows relationship
- Time: at (exact time), on (day/date), in (month/year/season)
- Place: at (point), on (surface), in (enclosed)
- Exam Favorites: "consist of", "depend on", "prefer A to B", "superior to"
7. Conjunction — Joins words/sentences
- Coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (FANBOYS)
- Subordinating: because, although, while, if, unless, until
- Correlative: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also
8. Interjection — Expresses emotion
- Alas! Hurrah! Bravo! Oh! — followed by exclamation mark
মনে রাখার কৌশল (Mnemonic):
Never Push Any Very Angry Person Carefully Inside
= Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection